In this talk, I will introduce recent advances in the multiscale analysis for the thermal protection systems (TPS) of spacecrafts. First, the motivation of the study will be presented. Second, I focus on discussing two types of questions: the thermal radiation heat transfer and the optimal control problem with constraints for heat transfer in composite materials or porous media. The convergence results of the homogenization method and of the multiscale asymptotic method for the above nonlinear problems will be presented. The associated computational algorithms and numerical results will be reported